Tag: ingredient

The mRNA The Key Ingredient In Some COVID-19 Vaccines – The Messenger Molecule That’s Been In Every Living Cell For Billions Of Years
SCIENCE

The mRNA The Key Ingredient In Some COVID-19 Vaccines – The Messenger Molecule That’s Been In Every Living Cell For Billions Of Years

One surprising star of the coronavirus pandemic response has been the molecule called mRNA. It’s the key ingredient in the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. But mRNA itself is not a new invention from the lab. It evolved billions of years ago and is naturally found in every cell in your body. Scientists think RNA originated in the earliest life forms, even before DNA existed. Here’s a crash course in just what mRNA is and the important job it does. Meet the genetic middleman You probably know about DNA. It’s the molecule that contains all of your genes spelled out in a four-letter code – A, C, G and T. DNA is found inside the cells of every living thing. It’s protected in a part of the cell called the nucleus. The genes are the details in the DNA blueprint for all the physical charac...
The Fermenting Microbes – Chocolate’s Secret Ingredient That Make It Taste So Good
LIFESTYLE

The Fermenting Microbes – Chocolate’s Secret Ingredient That Make It Taste So Good

Whether baked as chips into a cookie, melted into a sweet warm drink or molded into the shape of a smiling bunny, chocolate is one of the world’s most universally consumed foods. Even the biggest chocolate lovers, though, might not recognize what this ancient food has in common with kimchi and kombucha: its flavors are due to fermentation. That familiar chocolate taste is thanks to tiny microorganisms that help transform chocolate’s raw ingredients into the much-beloved rich, complex final product. In labs from Peru to Belgium to Ivory Coast, self-proclaimed chocolate scientists like me are working to understand just how fermentation changes chocolate’s flavor. Sometimes we create artificial fermentations in the lab. Other times we take cacao bean samples from real fermentations “in the ...