For Americans 60 and older, COVID-19 is widespread and deadly. Its economic impact could also be devastating.
With a recession fast developing, much of the attention on the downturn focuses on working-age adults, but many older Americans – with less time to make up for financial losses – will suffer the most.
I am a clinical professor of gerontology. My co-author is a research fellow in gerontology. We believe that recent history, specifically the Great Recession of 2008-09, will demonstrate what’s at stake.
In a series of research briefs using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we analyzed the financial status of Americans 60 and older before and after that recession. We reviewed the data from a wide variety of demographic groups: non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics; single-person and two-person, married households; retired and non-retired.
The findings paint a grim picture of what may come from the pandemic: a recession likely to have a far greater impact than the 2008-09 downturn, especially on minority older adults. Given that the unemployment rate among older minority Americans is already disproportionately high and that many have health conditions that make it difficult to work, their ability to change their financial situation is small compared to other groups.
Increasing poverty rates
Beginning in 2008, older adults experienced significant losses across the board regardless of demographic groupings. Housing values, liquid assets and total net wealth all declined. Given the housing market collapse associated with the recession, sharp drops in home value were expected. More remarkable is that drops in assets and total net wealth were almost as steep.
Yet as one moves up the wealth stream, the recession’s financial impacts diminished for older adults. For the wealthiest 20%, losses ranged from 4% to 18%. But for those in the lowest 20%, financial assets and total wealth losses ranged from 200% to 500%.
For those 60 and older at or near the bottom, these losses were staggering. Poverty rates increased from 1 percentage point to 6 percentage points, depending on the demographic group. These increases may seem small but in numbers of people it is enormous.
In 2008, more than 50 million people in the U.S. were 60 and older. Roughly 1.2 million of them fell into poverty during the great recession and this represents a 46 percent increase in the poverty rate – a 5% poverty rate pre-recession compared to a 7.3% rate post-recession.
Today there are 75 million in the U.S. 60 and older. This time, a pandemic-instigated downturn could translate to 1.8 million seniors pushed into poverty, if impacts are similar to 2008-09.
To further break down our analysis: In the 2008-09 recession, single-person households and retired individuals had smaller increases in poverty compared to two-person households and non-retired individuals respectively. Both groups had notably higher percentages of their household income coming from Social Security retirement income and government benefit programs.
This suggests that government-based financial resources help mitigate the impact of a recession and slow increases in poverty, likely buffering those who qualify for Social Security and have adequate retirement savings from complete financial ruin.
Most vulnerable: Older minorities
Given the pervasiveness of systemic racism in the U.S., it’s not surprising that older Blacks and older Hispanics suffered the deepest financial declines during the 2008 recession.
Older Hispanics had almost twice the amount of losses in net total wealth than non-Hispanic whites. They also had the highest increase in poverty, a 5.5 percentage point jump, more than any other demographic group.
Older Blacks had twice the decline in liquid financial assets when compared to white counterparts, and a 3.2 percentage point increase in poverty, the second highest. What’s worse: Prior to the 2008 recession, these groups already had drastically fewer financial resources than older whites, and quadruple the poverty rate.
Older adults living in single-person households also experienced significant financial losses despite not being hit quite as hard as older two-person households. Many are women, and a significant percentage are widows. Even in good economic times, they are typically at a much lower financial status. During a recession, things become precipitously worse; they are unable to absorb the financial losses that older two-person households, who often have double the financial resources, can. And, again, they are unlikely to be able to find a job and in many cases, unable to work even if they could.
In 2008-09, older single-person households experienced significant declines across all financial measures, despite their reliance on Social Security and government benefits. By comparison, two-person households, often with two sources of income, are in a better financial position before, during and after a recession. They had half the rate of poverty than the older single-person households.
Learning from the Great Recession
The impact of COVID-19 will likely be worse than what we present here. The 2008-09 estimates probably offer only a best-case scenario. But they will help us understand the economic hardships that millions of older Americans now face because of the pandemic. Indeed, as health and economic threats overlap, they may bear the brunt of this catastrophe.
There is, however, a possible way out. Our evidence indicates that stable sources of government income and benefits may keep minority seniors from financial collapse. Anything less than that, and the risks facing these most vulnerable Americans become catastrophic certainties.
Marc Cohen, University of Massachusetts Boston and Jane Tavares, University of Massachusetts Boston
Marc Cohen, Clinical Professor of Gerontology and Co-Director of the LeadingAge LTSS Center @UMass Boston, University of Massachusetts Boston and Jane Tavares, Research Fellow, LeadingAge LTSS Center, University of Massachusetts Boston
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/